The streams are divided into two:
Types of streams
Input Stream: This is a type of stream where the bytes flow from a device such as a keyboard to the main memory. Output Stream: This is a type of stream where the bytes flow in the opposite direction, that is, from main memory then to the device such as display screen.
In this C++ tutorial you will learn:
What are Streams in C++? How do streams work? Function Table C++ Header files for Input/ Output std::cout std::cin std::cerr std::clog Error handling with IO streams:
How do streams work?
C++ streams work as follows:
First, a stream is initialized with the right type. Next, you should state where the I/O will occur using get/put pointers. After getting to the right location in a stream, you can perform input and output tasks using » and « operators, respectively.
Function Table
The following are the functions provided in the stream.h header file:
C++ Header files for Input/ Output
C++ provides three libraries that come with functions for performing basic input/out tasks. They include:
Iostream: It’s an acronym for standard input/output stream. This header file comes with definitions for objects like cin/ cout/cerr. Iomanip: It’s an acronym for input/output manipulators. The library comes with functions that can be used for the manipulation of streams. It contains definitions for objects like setw, setprecision, and others. Fstream: This is a header file for describing the file stream. It handles data that is read from file as input or that is written to a file, the output.
The cin and cout keywords are very popular in C++. They are used for taking inputs and printing outputs, respectively. To use them, you must include iostream header file in your program. The reason is that they are defined in that header file. Failure to include the iostream header file will generate an error. This results from a failure by the C++ compiler to understand the meaning of the keywords. The major objects defined in the iostream header file are cin, cout, cerr, and clog. Let’s discuss them.
std::cout
The cout object is an instance of the iostream class. It is used for producing output on a standard output device, which is normally the screen. It’s used together with the stream insertion operator («).
Example:
Output:
Here is a screenshot of the code:
Code Explanation:
Include the iostream header file where the cout object is defined. Include the std namespace so that we don’t have to call it when using its classes. Call the main() function. The program code should be added within its body. The opening curly brace { marks the beginning of its body. Create a character variable named welcome to hold the string Welcome to Guru99. Print the value of the string welcome on the console. The endl is a C++ keyword meaning end line. It moves the cursor to begin printing text on the next line. The program must return value upon successful execution. End of the body of function main().
std::cin
The cin object is an instance of the istream class. It reads input from the input device, the keyboard. It is normally used together with the extraction operator (»). The extraction object is responsible for extracting data entered through the keyboard from the cin object.
Example:
The following example demonstrates how to use the cin keyword in C++: Output:
Here is a screenshot of the code:
Code Explanation:
Include the iostream header file into our program. The cin object is defined in this header file. Include the std namespace to use its classes. You will not have to call std when using its classes. Call the main() function. The program code should be added within its body. The start of the body of the program. Declare an integer variable named number. Print a message on the screen prompting the user to enter a number. Read the value entered by the user on the console from the keyboard. Print the value read above on the console alongside other text. The program should return a value if it executes successfully. End of the body of the main function.
std::cerr
The cerr object forms the standard error stream for outputting errors in C++. Cerr is an instance of the ostream class. The cerr object is unbuffered. This means it’s used when an error message is to be displayed immediately. Since it’s unbuffered, it doesn’t store error message for a later display. It’s used together with the stream insertion operator («).
Example:
Output:
Here is a screenshot of the code:
Code Explanation:
Include iostream header file where the cerr object has been defined. Include the std namespace so that we don’t have to call it when using its classes. Call the main() function. The program logic should be added within its body. The opening curly brace marks the beginning of the function’s body. Use the cerr object to print an error on the console. The program must return a value upon successful execution. End of the body of the main function.
std::clog
The clog object is an instance of the ostream class. It’s used to show errors on the standard display, the monitor. It’s similar to the cerr object, but it’s buffered. Since it’s buffered, it stores the error message in buffer till the buffer is filled/flushed. It’s used together with the stream insertion operator («).
Example:
Output:
Here is a screenshot of the code:
Code Explanation:
Including the iostream header file in which the clog object is defined. Including the std namespace so that we can use its classes without calling it. Calling the main() function. The program logic should be added within its body. The { marks the beginning of the function’s body. Use the clog object to print an error on the standard output, the monitor. The program must return a value upon successful completion. The end of the body of function main().
Error handling with IO streams:
To check whether a stream is valid or not, you can use it as a Boolean. Here is an example: To get more details for the stream status, you can use these functions:
good()- will return true if all is okay. bad()- will return true if a fatal error occurs. fail()- will return true after unsuccessful stream operation. eof()- will return true if it reaches end of a file.
To know whether a particular read/write operation failed, test the read result. For example, to check whether user entered a valid integer, do this:
Summary
The input and output tasks In C++ are done via byte sequence. The bytes are called streams. In an input stream, the bytes flow from the input device like a keyboard to the main memory. In an output stream, the bytes from the main memory then to an output device like a monitor. The cin object is an instance of the istream class. It reads input from an input device like the keyboard. The cout object is an instance of the ostream class. It produces output on output devices like the monitor. The cerr object is an instance of the ostream class. It displays error objects on the monitor. The clog object is instance of the ostream class. It displays error messages on output devices. The clog object buffers error messages, whereas the cerr object does not.
